(AH start)

The Americas in the Age of Independence

• The Building of American States

  • won independence from Britain, established goverment and expanded west
  • large area, we were still an unstable society with different econcmic and social structures
  • difference on slavery and personal rights sparked the civil war in the 1860's

• Canadian Independence

  • greatly differed from United States
  • gained independence from Britain without war both revolutionary and civil
  • established weak government in comparison but worked well to preside over provinces and other local affairs.

• Latin America

  • even more diverse then United States and Canda
  • could not find unity and basicly ruled over there on section of the land.
    • caused much conflict amongst them and there socities

(AH end)

(SG Starts)

The United States: Westward Expansion and Civil War:

• The Declaration of Independence claimed that "all men were created equal", but most states limited voting rights to men that owned land
• By the late 1820's, the industrial revolution had changed this idea and most property qualifications were gone, allowing almost all adult white men to vote

• Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny:

  • Americans began to expand west

    • Britain ceded all lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River after the American Revolution

    • 1803: Napoleon Bonaparte, in need of funds for his war efforts, sells the Louisiana Territory to the US

    • 1804-1806: Lewis and Clark lead a geographic expedition to map and survey the new territory

    • Manifest Destiny: the obligation that Americans felt to occupy North America from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean

• Conflict with Indigenous Peoples:

  • Westward expansion brought settlers into conflict with Native Americans who attempted to resist the efforts to push them off of their land
  • Native peoples sought the help of British forces as well as making alliances within themselves, but were eventually held off by the US government and the land was opened to white settlement
  • Indian Removal Act of 1830:
    • An effort by the government to move all natives west of the Mississippi into "indian territory" (Oklahoma)
    • Effected many groups of natives (such as the Seminoles and Cherokees)
  • Americans encountered groups like the Sioux, Comanche, Pawnee, and Apache that possessed firearms
  • Some native groups were able to celebrate victories against US forces
    • 1876: Lakota Sioux forces annihilate an army of US soldiers at the Battle of Little Big Horn
  • The Native Americans eventually lost the battle against US forces because of technologically sophisticated weaponry that was employed against them (canons, rapid-fire Gatling guns)
  • 1890- Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota: settlers wanted to suppress Sioux "ghost dance"
    • Sioux man accidentally fires gun, sparking the slaughter of over 200 men, women, and children by the US cavalry

• The Mexican-American War:

  • Westward Expansion created tension between US and Mexico (with terrorizes including Texas, California, and New Mexico)

  • Texas declared itself an independent state (largely because of American settlers that had moved there)

  • The US accepted Texas as a new state, despite Mexican protest, and proceeded to consolidate its hold on the territory

  • Conflicts arose that rapidly escalated into the Mexican-American War

    • The US issued an obliterating defeat on Mexican armies

    • 1848- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US took possession of almost half of Mexico's land (present day Texas, California, and New Mexico), paying only $15 million

  • Conflicts arose between regions of the US

    • Slavery: many believed that Enlightenment ideals clearly showed that Slavery should be abolished, but others (including the leaders of the revolution) respected the sanctity of private property)

    • Some states abolished slavery (like Delaware)

      • Abolishing slavery did not bring full equality, but was a step towards that direction

• Sectional Conflict:

  • Hopes that slavery would die with the decline of the tobacco industry faded as the rise of the cotton industry came about
  • US slave population rose from 500,000 in 1770 to almost 2 million in 1820
  • Efforts to limit the spread of Slavery as slave numbers increased:
    • Missouri Compromise: an effort to maintain balance between slave states and free states
  • Abraham Lincoln expressed his views on the divided beliefs of the nation, saying that the nation would have to eventually become all of one or the other
  • Abraham Lincoln's election as president sparked the war between the states because he was a sectional candidate that believed slavery was immoral and was committed to "free soil" (slave-free territories)

• The U.S. Civil War:

  • Eleven southern states withdrew from the Union in 1860 and 1861- based on their belief that they had the right to dissolve the union

  • Slavery and cash crops isolated the southern states from the economic growth of the northern states

  • The southern states considered themselves self-sufficient because of their trade with Britain and the cultivation of food within their farms

  • Northern states disagreed with this idea, viewing secession as illegal and an act of betrayal

  • The first two years of the war ended in a stalemate

  • January 1st, 1863- Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation

    • The Emancipation Proclamation had little immediate effect on slaves, but promised eventual abolition of slavery

  • The battle of Gettysburg in July of 1863 was a pivotal point of the war that turned the military tide against southern forces

  • The northern states prevailed, after 4 years of conflict

    • The victory of the northern states abolished slavery in the United States

    • The victory also established that the US would remain politically united under the authority of the government of the American Republic

  • European lands had (and were building) powerful states with revolutionary ideals, liberalism, and nationalism as their foundations

(SG End)

(ET Start)
The Canadian Dominion: Independence without War

• Autonomy and Division

  • Canada didn’t have to fight a war for their independence

  • There wasn’t a lot of bloody internal conflict involved

  • Canadians gradually got their Independence

  • By the late 19th Century, Canada had control over itself

• The War of 1812

  • US declared war on Britain for their encroachment of US rights and the results of the Napoleonic wars
  • The US thought they could invade Canada easily but surprisingly Canada forced the US back
  • Their victory in this battle started the Canadian pride
  • After the war, rapid population growth occurred. Businesses expanded bringing in migrating English-speakers looking for opportunities
  • The Canadians didn’t want a repeat of the American Revolution so they decided to permit each province to govern its own area of land (1840-1867)
  • The Durham Report (1839), written by John George Lambton (1782-1841) advocated self-government for a united Canada

• Dominion

  • The British North America Act of 1867 joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and was recognized as the Dominion of Canada
  • Each province had its own seat of government, provincial legislature, and a lieutenant governor
  • Presiding over all was the House of Commons and the Senate
  • John A. MacDonald (1815-1891) wanted to incorporate all of British North America into the Dominion
  • He purchased all of the Northwestern Territories and persuaded Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island to join the Dominion

(ET end)

Latin America: Fragmentation and Political Experimentation (JO Start)

• After solidarity could no be achieved in Latin America under Simon Bolivar, his Gran Columbia split into numerous independent states
• Bolivar once said "I fear peace more than war" (HG)
• Creole elites in Latin America tried establishing republics with constitutions, similar to the U.S.
• They responded enthusiastically to Enlightenment values, but didn't have the experience to use them which resulted in a struggle for stability
• The elites in Latin America effectively prevented people having any say in their government, less than 5% were active in politics
• Differences between elites aggravated political instability, they all divided into liberals and conservatives, centralists or federalists, or secularists or roman catholics
• Elites all agreed on the policy of taking land from native people, they forced the natives to either live in their society or leave to unwanted land
• Regional military leaders, called caudillos, came to power after they went into politics and took advantage of the discontent of the people
• One famous caudillo was Juan Manuel de Rosas, who called for regional independence in a split Argentina, he worked to centralize government but he was criticized for killing too many people
• He restored order, but he made terror a tool of the government and it gave rise to opposition that aimed to overthrow the caudillos
• The Mexican-American War caused political turmoil in Mexico and helped Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna perpetuate his intermittent rule

• By the early twentieth century, Mexico was a divided land moving toward civil war

• The Mexican Revolution (1911-1920) broke out when middle-class Mexicans joined with peasants and workers to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915)

• 95 percent of all peasants remained landless and obviously they weren't too happy about that and engaged in guerrilla warfare against government forces,

• Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) and Franciso (Pancho) Villa (1878-1923) organized massive armies fighting for tierra and libertad, which was land and liberty

• Zapata himself confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing the lands to the peasants

• While Villa attacked and killed U.S. citizens in retaliation for U.S. support of Mexican government officials

• After all this turmoil, government forces regained control over Mexico

• The Mexican Constitution of 1917 addressed some of the concerns of the revolutionaries by providing for land redistribution, universal suffrage, state supported education, minimum wages and maximum hours for workers.

Migration to the Americas NC start
-Internal migration within the Americas also contributed to a new economic landscape, particularly as Latin Americans journeyed to the U.S. in search of work.
-Gold discoveries drew prospectors hoping to make a quick fortune.
-Fatt Hing Chin’s restaurant in San Francisco’s Chinatown helped introduce Chinese cuisine to American Society.
-Migrants from all over the world found similar comforts as their foods, religious beliefs, and cultural traditions migrated with them to the Americas.

Industrial Migrants
-During the mid-nineteenth century, European migrants flocked to North America where they filled the factories of the industrial economy of the U.S.
-Their lack of skill attracted industrialists to use them to operate heavy machinery and perform heavy labor.
-By the 1850’s European migrants to the U.S. numbered 2.3 million
-Asian migrants further swelled the U.S labor force and contributed to the construction of an American transportation infrastructure.

Plantation Migrants
-Migrants who went to Latin American lands mostly worked on agricultural plantations.
-More then fifteen thousand indentured laborers from China worked in the sugarcane fields of Cuba during the 19th century.

Railroads
-One of the most important economic developments of the later nineteenth century was the construction of railroad lines that linked all U.S. regions and helped create an integrated national economy.

Economic Growth
-Led by railroads, the U.S. economy expanded at a blistering pace between 1870 and 1900.
-Inventors designed new products
-Large scaled labor unions emerged alongside big business in the period from 1870 to 1900, and confrontations between business owners and workers sometimes grew ugly.
-A massive, coordinated strike of rail workers in 1877 shut down 2/3 of the nation’s railroads.
-Never the less, big business prevailed in its disputes with workers during the 19th century. NC End

(DG Start)
Canadian Prosperity

• British investment deeply influenced the development of the Canadian as well as the US economy in the 19th and early 20th century.
• Canadian and US leaders took advantage of British capital to industrialize without allowing their economy to fall under British control.
• During the early 19th century, Britian paid relatively high prices for Canadian agricultural products and minerals, partly to keep the colony stable and discourage the formation of separatist movements.

• National Policy - idea was to attract migrants, portect nascent industries through tariffs, and build national transportation systems.

• Canadian Pacific Railroad - opened the western prarie lands to commerce, stimulated the development of other industries, and promoted the emergence of a Canadian national economy.

• The US presence in the Canadian economy grew. By 1918, Americans owned about 30% of all Canadian industry.

Latin American Dependence

• Did not undergo industrialization or economic development like the US
  • Small size of Latin American markets limited foreign influence which generall took the form of investment
  
  
  • Porfirio Diaz : dictator who ruled Mexico and represented the interests of large landowners, wealthy merchants and foreign investors.
    • Railroad tracks, telegraph lines, and the production of mineral sources emerged in Mexico during his time.
  
  
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• ~

Multicultural Society in the United States (BG Starts)

• The United states in the 18th and 19th centuries was the most culturally diverse land of the west hemisphere, with groups like Euro-Americans, African American laborers, and migrants from Europe and Asia
• This created problems with all the different ethnic groups and social classes

• Native Americans

  • Were treated very poorly by the United States government
    • they were pushed off there reservations by settlers
    • Hunters and other settlers shot down there food supply which was buffalo
    • Dawes Severalty Act in 1887 took lands away from indians and gave them to the white farmers
    • The United States government took children out of there tribes and put them in boarding school

• Freed Slaves

  • When the Civil War ended the slavery, it didn't give equality and the rights to African Americans right away
    • But, the Reconstruction (1876-1877) helped extend rights to free slaves by giving them the right to vote and by letting them participate in political affairs of the republic
    • After the Reconstruction was over the troops from the north went back home which led to violent backlashes of the Reforms of the Reconstruction
    • Which then the African Americans went back to working for there plantation owners as sharecroppers

• Women

  • The women led movements as well for equal rights like in 1848 at Seneca Falls asked for equal political rights and economic rights
  • Also the women issued a "declaration of sentiments" modeled on the Declaration of Independence -- "We hold these truths so be self-evident that all men and women are created equal"
  • Which allowed women to attend college, reform activism, and professional industrial job

• Migrants

  • Brought new cultural diversity in United States like language, holidays, religions, and etc.
  • Native-born americans hated the migrants because they could have possible taken there jobs
  • Too many migrants led to blockage of migration from China in 1882 and Japan in 1908

(JV Starts)

Canadian Cultural Contrasts

• Slavery was legal until 1833
  • Thus escaped slaves fled to Canada using the underground railroad.
• Slaves were free in Canada, however blacks we're not equal.
  • They were segregated and isolated from the political & cultural mainstreams
• Lived mostly in segregated China towns in the cities of British Columbia.
• They also had little voice in public affairs.
• Between 1896 & 1914 3 mil migrants from Britain, The US, and eastern Europe arrived in Canada.
• Tensions between these 2 were most prominent.
• Thus they married native women which resulted in Metis, individuals of mixed Euro and native ancestry.
• Natives & Metis moved west to preserve land & their rights.
  • British Canadians were expanding west.

Louis Riel

Ethnicity, Identity, & Gender in Latin America

• Migration & Cultural Division
  • Indentured laborers went from Asia to Peru, Brazil, Cuba, & other Caribbean destinations & they brought along their native cultural practices.
    • When their numbers were small they influenced little in the society.They intermarry and assimilate into the working classes.
    • When their numbers got larger, They formed distinctive communities & observed their ancient cultural and social traditions.
  • Migration of European workers to Argentina brought a lively diversity to the capital of Buenos Aires "The Paris of the Americas."
  • Latin American intellectuals usually saw themselves as either heirs of Europe and/or products of the American environment.

• Sarmiento

• Gauchos

  • Most were Mestizos & Castizos
    • There were white and black gauchos.
  • Anyone who adopted gaucho ways became a gaucho.
  • They were most prominent in the Argentina Pampas.
  • They led independent lives, lived of their skills, and only need their horses to survive.
  • They wore sashed trousers, ponchos, & boots.
  • The Gauchos started joined the army, whether voluntarily of under compulsions.
  • The gauchos were trapped in the Pampas and they resisted the society.
• Male Domination

• Machismo: